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It is Europe’s greatest refugee crisis since the second world war. The numbers who have left Ukraine have now outstripped those who fled Syria. But it is not just the scale of the exodus prompted by the Russian invasion that makes it stand out.
这是自二战以来欧洲最大的难民危机。离开乌克兰的人数已经超过逃离叙利亚的人数。但它之所以引人注目，并不仅仅是因为俄罗斯入侵引发的大规模外流。
European countries have given Ukrainian refugees an immediate right to work. This was a good call. Immigrants can make a contribution to host economies. Assimilation will be easier for those who stay.
欧洲国家给予乌克兰难民立即工作的权利。这是一个明智的决定。移民可以为东道国经济做出贡献。那些留下来的人将更容易融入社会。
Accommodating the sudden influx has imposed large immediate costs. In March, Poland estimated it would have to spend at least €11bn on housing, social services and other expenses.
适应突然涌入的难民带来了巨大的直接成本。3月，波兰估计它将不得不在住房、社会服务和其他费用上花费至少110亿欧元。
Giovanni Peri, an economist at University of California, Davis, estimates each refugee may cost $8,000-$10,000 in the first year in housing and other support. But given tight European labour markets, he expects Ukrainian refugees who stay would generate enough income in the following years to outweigh this.
加州大学戴维斯分校的经济学家乔瓦尼·佩里(Giovanni Peri)估计，每个难民在第一年可能需要花费8000-10000美元的住房和其他支持。但鉴于欧洲劳动力市场紧张，他预计留下来的乌克兰难民将在接下来的几年里创造足够的收入，以弥补这一损失。
Difficulties abound. Ukrainian refugees responsible for infants cannot easily work. Qualifications may not be recognised locally.
困难无处不在。负责照顾婴儿的乌克兰难民不容易工作。工作资质在当地可能不被认可。
Only one in six refugees who arrived in Poland want to stay permanently, according to a central bank report. The main reason was the challenge of providing for themselves. Ukrainians in Russia, some of whom appear to have been forcibly relocated, may not have the option of leaving.
根据波兰央行的一份报告，抵达波兰的难民中只有六分之一希望永久定居。主要原因是自给自足的挑战。在俄罗斯的乌克兰人，其中一些人似乎是被强行迁移的，他们可能没有离开的选项。
Yet Ukrainian refugees are expected to increase the EU’s workforce by 0.5 per cent, twice as much as the Syrian refugees who arrived in 2014‑17, according to the OECD. Of the earlier group, only 17 per cent of working-age refugees were in employment after two years in the country and less than 50 per cent after five years, according to the European Central Bank.
然而，根据经合组织(OECD)的数据，乌克兰难民预计将使欧盟劳动力增加0.5%，是2014 - 17年抵达欧盟的叙利亚难民的两倍。欧洲央行的数据显示，在前一组难民中，只有17%的适龄工作难民在入境两年后找到工作，而在5年内找到工作的比例不到50%。
Ukraine’s geographical and cultural proximity should help refugees assimilate, as should their relatively high levels of education. The average refugee to Europe around the middle of the decade was a young man with modest qualifications, according to the OECD. In the case of the Ukrainian refugees, it is more likely to be a tertiary educated woman.
乌克兰在地理和文化上的接近，以及他们相对较高的教育水平，应该有助于难民同化。根据经合组织的数据，在2005年前后，前往欧洲的难民一般都是资历一般的年轻人。就乌克兰难民而言，更可能是受过高等教育的女性。
The economic outlook is darkening. But the freedom to work will alleviate some hardship and reduce Ukrainian dependence on host nations. In the UK, the economic example of earlier generations of eastern European refugees has been a shining one.
经济前景正在变暗。但工作的自由将缓解一些困难，并减少乌克兰对东道国的依赖。在英国，前几代东欧难民的经济榜样一直很耀眼。